Objective To get an insight into the distribution and seasonal fluctuation of rodent population and provide the basis for the control of rodents and rodent-borne diseases in Zhejiang province. Methods Rodent density surveillance was conducted once a month by night trapping method, with each surveillanc site covering a residential area, a special industry and a natural rural village. Results It was found that Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species in most areas of Zhejiang province in 2010, followed by Mus musculus and R. tanezumi. The average rodent density in the province was 0.97 per 100 rat traps, with the average density in natural rural villages being 1.23 per 100 rat traps. M. musculus was the predominant species in Hangzhou and Haiyan areas, while R. tanezumi was the predominant species in Quzhou city. The curve of rodent seasonal fluctuation showed a double-peaked pattern. The highest rodent density was seen in Jiangshan city. Conclusion There are several rodent species in Zhejiang province that can transmit diseases, so it is important to strengthen the integrated surveillance to reduce the rodent density for the control of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To integrate monitoring of rodents and rodent-borne diseases, and to explore and analyze the feasibility of the integrated monitoring mode. Methods An executive office was established to coordinate the related departments and staff for investigating the epidemics. Investigations included epidemiological surveys, measuring rodent density with the night trapping method, capturing live rodents using the cage-trap method and etiological detection. Results In 2010, one case of leptospirosis was reported in the county with an incidence rate of 0.25/10⁵. A total of 52 rodents were captured in 2117 traps, with a rodent to trap density of 2.46%. Etiologic and serologic detection of plague was negative. Hantaan virus antigen positive rate was 4.00% and Hantaan virus antibody positive rate was 2.67% . The leptospira culture was negative. Conclusion The integrated monitoring mode was generally feasible in Longyou. Further strengthened research on the integrated mode for both rodents and rodent-borne diseases is necessary.

Objective To identify the major vectors of mosquito-borne diseases and their geographic distribution after the outbreak of dengue fever (DF) in Yiwu, providing basis for further prevention and control. Methods Light traps and dippers were used to collect mosquito adults and larvae, respectively, based on random sampling. Results At least 8 species in 4 genera belonging to 2 subfamilies were found in the region. Culex pipiens pallens coquillett was the dominant species found in 234 villages and 13 towns. Although there were few Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and other species collected from the traps, it was the only vector of DF in Yiwu that distributed in 10 towns and 18 villages, a result of the breeding place survey on mosquito larvae. Ae. albopictus larvae accounted for the highest proportion (51.7%) of the mosquito population, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, while other species including Cx. mimulus were limited. Conclusion In view of the widely distributed vectors of mosquito-borne diseases in Yiwu and regional concentration of high density, breeding sites should be eliminated to cut off the primary transmission route of vector-borne diseases in order to lay a sound foundation for further prevention and control.

Objective To provide an overview of such dynamics as the population distribution and seasonal variation of mosquitoes in Zhejiang province, which gives the basis for prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito light traps produced by one manufacturer, Wuhan Jixing Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, were used to collect the insects. Results Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were the predominant species in most areas of Zhejiang province, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were predominant in Ningbo and Lishui areas, and Aedes albopictus were distributed in most parts of the province. Mosquito activities peaked from June to September, as the number of mosquitoes captured in this period accounted for 79.80% of the total in a year. Of the 5 different habitats, stockyards contained the most mosquitoes, accounting for 46.03%. Conclusion Zhejiang’s geographical environment and climatic conditions are favorable to the growth of a variety of mosquitoes, making the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases and reduction of mosquito density essential in all areas of the province.

Objective To determine the dynamics of the resistance of outdoor natural populations of Musca domestica to six insecticides including deltamethrin in seven cities such as Ningbo, providing the basis for scientific and proper use of pesticides and further development of fly control. Methods Topical application was used to determine the median lethal dose of the agents to M. domestica. Results The natural populations of M. domestica in the seven cities were most resistant to deltamethrin and beta cypermethrin, the resistance ratios for which were: 34.9 and 22.6 times in Ningbo, 38.6 and 20.8 times in Lishui, 36.4 and 23.5 times in Wenzhou, 28.3 and 30.5 times in Quzhou, 40.1 and 36.1 times in Jinhua, 34.1 and 32.0 in Shaoxing, and 37.9 and 20.4 times in Linhai. The resistance ratios for dichlorvos and cypermethrin, to which the flies were less resistant, were: 10.3 and 15.7 times in Ningbo, 10.9 and 12.5 times in Lishui, 11.2 and 17.5 times in Wenzhou, 13.8 and 12.6 times in Quzhou, 14.3 and 11.2 times in Jinhua, 10.7 and 16.3 times in Shaoxing, and 15.2 and 10.9 times in Linhai. The resistance ratios of the flies in Quzhou and Jinhua to permethrin were 10.1 and 13.0 times, respectively, while all of those in the other five cities were below 8.2 times. The resistance ratio of all the flies to while acetophenate was below 1.9 times. Analysis of variance showed significant difference in the resistance between the natural populations of M. domestica in the seven cities and the susceptible lines (F＝ 51.299, P＝0.000), though no statistical difference was found in the resistance between the natural populations from different regions (F＝0.100, P＝0.998). Analysis of variance showed statistical difference in the varied insecticidal resistance of the natural populations to different agents (F＝25.420, P＝0.000). Conclusion The natural populations demonstrated varied resistance to the 6 pesticides, and were most resistant to deltamethrin and beta cypermethrin.

Objective To analyze the feasibility of integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases, providing an integrated monitoring mode of vectors and the related diseases. Methods The integrated monitoring procedures for mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases were tested in two vector monitoring sites. Integrated monitoring was conducted in cities and counties under the collaboration of relevant institutions and personnel. The lamp trap method was used for adult mosquito integrated monitoring from June to October in 2009. Results An executive office was set up under the Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to deal with the overall coordination. Ningbo CDC completed the integrated monitoring of mosquito density, seasonal fluctuation and mosquito?borne diseases without external aid. Jiande CDC finished the field investigation of the above monitoring, and the laboratory specimen test was performed by the Zhejiang CDC. These accomplishments required extraordinary institutional coordination and a large number of personnel. In 2009, Ningbo reported 48 cases of malaria with an incidence rate of 0.73/105; one case of dengue fever with an incidence rate of 0.02/105; 18 cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) with an incidence rate of 0.28/105; and 1 death with a mortality rate of 5.56%. Jiande reported no cases of malaria, dengue fever and JE. A total of 22 108 mosquitoes were captured in Ningbo, with a density of 9.60/h; and 945 were captured in Jiande, with a density of 4.92/h. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species in Ningbo, accounting for more than 90%, followed by Cx. pipiens pallens, where as Aedes albopictus accounted for only 0.14%. In Jiande, Cx. pipiens pallens was predominant, followed by Anopheles sinensis; no Ae. albopictus was captured. Fluorescent PCR detection of 1973 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Ningbo showed two positive specimens for JE, with the minimum positive rate of 0.10%. Nested PCR detection of 225 Cx. pipiens pallens in Jiande resulted in negative for yellow virus. Conclusion The integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases is feasible. It is suggested to strengthen the research with regard to the integrated monitoring, early warning, control strategies and measures of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the infection of Bartonella in rat?shape animals by molecular technology. Methods Rat?shape animals were captured by night trap in Tiantai county of Zhejiang province. DNA from rat livers were detected by PCR, and the positive products were sequenced. The infection rate of Bartonella in rat was calculated. Results There were 25 positive samples among 55 samples collected. The positive rate of Bartonella infection in Apodemus agrarius and Rattus losea were 48.84% and 33.33%, respectively. The sequence was more similar to B.doshiae. Conclusion The infection rate of Bartonella in rat?shape animals was higher in Tiantai county, and there was risk of transmitting this pathogen to human. The control measure should be figured out. It should take measures to control it.

Objective To explore the resistance trends of Culex pipiens pallens, Musca domestica and Blattella germanica (field population) to 7 insecticides in Linhai and provide evidences for optimizing insecticides application and promoting insect control. Methods Dipping method was applied to the determination of LC ₅₀ for the fourth instar larva of C.pipiens pallens, topical application method for determination of LD ₅₀ for M.domestica and flask film method for determination of KT ₅₀ for B.germanica. Results The resistance of C.pipiens pallens field population to bassa, acetophenate, deltamethrin and permethrin were at low level with the range from 1.89 to 8.93 (RR<10), and the resistance to dichlorovos was at medium level with the value of 10.16 (RR>10). The resistance of M.domestica field population to acetophenate and permethrin were at low level with the values of 1.26 and 5.32 (RR<10), and the resistance to dichlorovos and cypermethrin were at medium level with the value of 17.44 and 12.64 (RR>10). The resistance to deltamethrin were at high level with the value of 37.86 (RR>30). The resistances of B.germanica field population to 4 inseticides were all at low level (RR=2.53-4.12) and had no significant differences among them. Conclusion The field population of mosquito, fly and cockroach had different resistances to all 7 insecticides.

Objective To learn the infection condition of Bartonella henselae in cats from Zhejiang province. Methods Blood were collected from cats' venae femoralis. Then the whole blood was detected by isolation culturation and PCR. Serum were detected by ELISA and data were analyzed using SPSS(11.0). Results Infection rate of B.henselae was very high in cats from different district and the average positive rate was 34.5%. Positive rates in Jiangshan, Longyou, Anji, Chun'an, Jiande and Shangyu were 37.5%, 30.0%, 33.3%, 40.0%, 50.0% and 28.6% respectively. There were no significant difference among positive rates in different districts and different sex. Conclusion Cats were infected seriously by B.henselae in Zhejiang province and measures must be taken to prevent it.

Objective To study the efficacy,volatility and stability of internal combustion electric insect repelant on Culex pipiens pallens in lab.Methods Indoor insecticidal efficacy tests were conducted according to the method of GB 13917.5-1992.Simulated field-tests for insecticidal efficacy were conducted according to GB 13917.8-1992.Total volatilizing rate was observed after heated for various periods.Decreasing rates for active components were obtained by heat accelerating test.Results It had better efficacy on tested insects than the control by statistics analyzing.Total volatilizing rate was 88.15% for electric insect repelant while 76.40% for the control.Decreasing rate of active component was 8.50% for electric insect repelant while 6.40% for the control.Conclusion The internal combustion electric insect repelant has durable efficacy,quicker and better effect,suitable for all kinds of insecticides.It is a promising product for insects control.

Objective The resistances of Culex pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus to five insecticides,such as dichlorvos et al.,were investigated so as to make the corresponding control strategy and the intelligent usage of mosquitoes insecticides in Zhejiang. Methods Immersion method of pesticide was used to assay the medium lethal concentration (LC ₅₀) of the fourth-instar larvae. Results The resistances of C.pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus to fenobucarb and plifenate were lower than other usual pesticides,the mosquitoes showed the lower resistance ( RR<4 ). The resistance of the mosquitoes from Jinhua,Quzhou and Zhoushan to dichlorvos belonged to medium level,which RR ranged from 5.2 to 6.6 . The mosquitoes from Jinhua and Zhoushan were more sensitive to permethrin and deltamethrin than those from other areas,the resistance times were 12.2 and 12.0 ,respectively. Conclusion The present experiment showed that C.pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus had the relative resistance to five different pesticides,and especially had higher resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin.

Objective The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of boric acid as gel baits in the managements of German cockroach Blattella germanica population.Methods Several borate-sugar combinations as baits were evaluated in no-choice assays in laboratory,the oral toxicity was determined for German cockroach.Results The death numbers of German cockroach had linear correlation with the reaction time.The mortalities were 80.0% and 93.3% after 3 days when 2% and 4% boric acid were applied,respectively.It reached 96.0% for adult B.germanica after 4 days.The feasible glucose and sucrose baits were selected under 2% boric acid.When B.germanica feed 0.05 mol/L and 0.1 mol/L glucose or sucrose baits with boric acid separately,the mortality was above 80% after 4 days in no-choice assays.Conclusion Boric acid gel baits is an effective,inexpensive and low risk alternative in urban pest management.The mixture of boric acid and glucose or boric acid-sucrose solutions,can also be applied in the control, B.germanica.

Objective To determine the toxicity of acetamiprid against Reticulitermes dabieshanensis so as to provide the theoretical basis for developing new termiticides.Methods Two methods were applied in this study.One method was to dip the filter paper in the different concentrations of acetamiprid solution,and then put in the Petri dish padded moistened sands.Then 30 Reticulitermes dabieshanensis were introduced into the Petri dish,and the mortality was recorded every 24h.For the other method, Reticulitermes dabieshanensis individuals were treated by topical method with different concentrations of acetamiprid.Then the treated individuals were introduced into Petri dish with moistened sands in the bottom,and the mortality was recorded in certain times after treatment.Results Active speed of acetamiprid against Reticulitermes dabieshanensiswas low,the best toxic effects occurred at 144 h after treatment.But Reticulitermes dabieshanensis was rather susceptive to acetamiprid,the LD ₅₀at 24 h was only 7.00×10 ^-5μg/termite.Conclusion Acetamiprid has a good toxic efficacy to Reticulitermes dabieshanensis,its possibility for termite control in practice deserves further study in the near future.

Objective:To test the toxic effects of the leave extract of Citrus reticulata Blance, Cinnamomum camphora Presl, Citrus grandis Osbeck, Cedrus deodara Loud, Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Ottoet Dietr, Cupressus funebris Endl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour.,and Vitex negundo var.Cannabifolia Sieb. et Zucc.against the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens.so as to provide the basis for the study of new chemicals for mosquito control.Methods:The dry leave powders of several plants were extracted with ethanol(analytic pure) for 20 days.Then extracts were diluted with distilled water with suitable amount of Tween-80,and bioassay was done with the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens.Results:At the tested concentration,the leave extracts of all plants tested had different degree of toxic effects on the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens.Among them,the leave extracts of C.deodara,C.funebris,and O.fragrans had the best toxic effects.Compared to the larvae of control,the larvae survived from treatment had longer developmental period.After pupation,the average pupa weights were lighter than that of control exception the treatment of C.fortunei leave.Conclusion:In all plants which were tested,the effects of the extracts of C.funebris leave against the third instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were largest.The toxic effects of this plant on mosquito larvae deserve to be further studied in the future.